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How to Establish a Palliative Care Program

Financial Plan

The Financial plan is usually the final component of a strategic plan. Ask for assistance from someone who has experience in this from your hospital. Understand the principles for financing a palliative care program.

Begin by outlining your various assumptions through the planning process --- the target market, program growth, sources of revenue, operational expense increases, etc. Try to estimate what will happen over the next 3-5 year period.

Next, complete a 3-5 year proposed program budget. Start with the information you have.

Learn about any organization-wide restrictions and/or expectations for new programs. For example, if your hospital expects a minimum return on investment (ROI) of 5% that means that revenue needs to exceed costs by 5%. Alternatively, the institution may budget on the basis of direct and indirect costs. Find out how indirect costs would be calculated for your program.

Determine how the "success" of other programs in the hospital is judged. In some institutions, only some programs are required to produce enhanced revenue to the institution while the goal for most programs is to meet their direct expenses.

Be sure to outline all funding sources and projected revenues for both hospital and physician fee income by funding source (Medicare, Medicaid, commercial, philanthropy, and grants). In general, palliative care programs combine revenue streams from multiple sources. For example, the program at Northwestern Memorial Hospital gets revenue from physician fee-for-service billing, acute inpatient revenue, and from hospice revenue. The program at Beth Israel Medical Center has these sources plus the procedure-based revenue from an acute and chronic pain service.

Programs with restricted sources of clinical revenue often rely on philanthropy and/or grants for startup to offset costs for the program. If this will be the case, work with those individuals in the institution who are responsible for fundraising to identify donors or grants. If fund-raising is to be a goal, conduct this activity within the confines of organizational policies and procedures. Done correctly, philanthropy can be used not only to meet the operational needs of your program, but also as a tool to increase overall organizational fundraising by appealing to a new donor population. Done poorly, and the development people will be disgruntled because you are targeting funders they have targeted for another project.

Some hospital-based palliative care or supportive care programs have justified their programs by demonstrating "value-added" results such as improved patient satisfaction, cost avoidance or direct savings. Be sure to document (and quantify if possible) any "value-added" benefits from the program that are likely to affect the assessment of the financial plan. These might include:

  • Revenue sources
  • Billing, handling of denials of coverage
  • Expenses
  • Cost shifting and cost avoidance
  • Marginal versus fixed costs
  • Sample spreadsheets available to all who register for the service, eg, through the IICN
  • Budgeting
  • Accounting
  • Taxes
  • Insurance

Conclude the financial plan by preparing contingency plans and related financial scenarios if your assumptions and projections do not hold.

Now, consider how you will implement the program.

Ref:
1) Manfredi PL, Morrison RS, Morris J, Goldhirsch SL, Carter JM, Meier DE. Palliative Care Consultations: How Do they Impact on the Care of Hospitalized Patients? J Pain Symptom Manage 2000;Sep 20(3):166-73   Full Text

2) Campbell ML, Frank RR. Experience with an End-of-Life Practice at a University Hospital. Critical Care Medicine 1997;25(1):197-202   Full Text

CAPC Resources:
Additional resources on "Preparing a Business Plan"

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CAPCManual Attribution:  von Gunten CF, Ferris FD, Portenoy RK, Glajchen M, eds. CAPCManual: How to Establish A Palliative Care Program. New York, NY: Center to Advance Palliative Care, 2001.   © Center for Palliative Studies, San Diego Hospice & Palliative Care, San Diego, CA and
The Department of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, 2001

Permission to reproduce for non-commercial educational purposes with display of attribution and copyright is granted.
Last updated: February 20, 2002

Development
Select section:
Change, Groups, Phase 1, 2, 3, 4

•  Change
      In Individuals
      In Organizations
         Stages of Change
            Awareness
            Adoption
            Implementation
            Institutionalization
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•  Small Group Structure / Function
      Leadership
      Group Formation
      Group Function
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•  Phase 1: Prepare to Plan
      Potential of Planning Process
         How Much is Enough?
         Ensuring Impact
      Form Initial Workgroup
      Elaborate Initial Idea
         Stakeholders, Customers
         Need, Purpose of Program
         Planning Questions
         Planning Steps, Timeline
         Resources Needed to Plan
            Use of Consultants
            Use of Retreats
      Write Planning Proposal
      Selling, Getting Approval
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•  Phase 2: Plan the Program
      Form Planning Workgroup
      Review, Revise Process
      Strategic Planning
         What is Strategic Planning?
            Models
            Steps
            How Much is Enough?
            Resources
         Review Stakeholders, Customers
         Conduct Needs Assessment
            Company
            Competition
            Customers
            Conduct SWOT Analysis
            Case Study - United Hospital Fund
         Define the Program
            Purpose, Values
            Mission, Vision
               Mission
               Vision
            Service Delivery Model
            Goals, Objectives
            Strategies, Tactics
            Strategic Decision Points
      Business Planning
         Case Examples:
            Cleveland Clinic
            University of Virginia
         Organizational Structure, Leadership
         Financial Plan
         Implementation Plan
            Human Resources
            Physical Resources
            Informational Resources
            Community Resources
            Operations
            Evaluation
         Marketing Plan
         Targets, Timing
      Write Proposal
         Suggested Proposal Outline
      Sell Plan
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•  Phase 3: Implement the Program
      Staff Recruitment
         Staff Training
         High Functioning Team
      Standards of Practice, Policies, Procedures
      Clinical Evaluation
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•  Phase 4: Review Program, Revise Plan
      Form Review Workgroup
      Program Evaluation
         Plan Evaluation
            Continuous Quality Improvement
         Utilization Review
            Appropriateness of Hospitalization
            Documentation
               Pearls
            Respond to Denials
      Revise Plan, Further Development
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