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How to Establish a Palliative Care Program

Tensions within Host Organizations

For palliative care programs that exist within other institutions (host organizations), there are tensions among:

  • The palliative care program services
  • Other programs in the host organization who are competing for limited resources and / or may believe that they are already providing effective palliation
  • Administration of the organization

There may also be a perceived tension between the mission statements of the host organization and the palliative care program, particularly if the host organization strives to minimize or ignore end-of-life care issues and dying patients are seen as symbols of institutional failure.

To be most effective, and create the least tension, the mission and vision of the palliative care program needs to relate to the mission and vision of its host organization. This is one way to acknowledge and address these tensions.

There are also tensions within the Healthcare System and the Community in which the program will be located.

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CAPCManual Attribution:  von Gunten CF, Ferris FD, Portenoy RK, Glajchen M, eds. CAPCManual: How to Establish A Palliative Care Program. New York, NY: Center to Advance Palliative Care, 2001.   © Center for Palliative Studies, San Diego Hospice & Palliative Care, San Diego, CA and
The Department of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, 2001

Permission to reproduce for non-commercial educational purposes with display of attribution and copyright is granted.
Last updated: February 20, 2002

Elements
Select section:
Basis, Context, Components, Case Examples

•  Basis of Palliative Care Practice
      Palliative Care Definitions
         Historical Definitions
            WHO
            Oxford Textbook
            ABHPM
            NHPCO
         Palliative Care
         Applicability
         Application to Patients at Risk
         Differences–Hospice & Palliative Care
      Values, Ethical Principles
         Values
         Ethical Principles
      Conceptual Framework
         Square of Care
         Square of Organization
         Square of Care & Organization
      Norms / Standards of Practice
      Guidelines
      Policies, Procedures
         What are They?
         Developing, Implementing, Evaluating
      Measures
      Definitions of Common Terms
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•  Context
      Tensions
         In Therapeutic Relationships
         Within Host Organizations
         Within Healthcare System, Community
      Who's the Customer
      US Healthcare
         Acute Care Hospitals
         Long-term Care Facilities
         Home
         Hospice Care
      Financing US Healthcare
         Expenditures for EOL Care
         Overview by Settings, Revenue Sources
            Medicare
            Medicaid
            Commercial Insurers
            Managed Care
            Government (VA, Military)
         Financing
            Community Hospitals
            Academic Hospitals
            Subacute, Skilled Care
            Custodial Care
            Ambulatory Care
            Home Care
            Hospice Care
                  Eligibility
                  Covered Services
                  Reimbursement Rates
                  Unintended Consequences
         Financing Physicians
            Coding
               Procedure / Service Codes
                  Coding Based on Time
                     Frequently Used E/M Codes
                        Example
                  Addition of Procedure Codes
            Diagnosis Codes
               ICD-9 Codes for Palliative Care
               Avoiding Concurrent Billing Problems
                  Example
            Documentation
               Example
            Physician Reimbursement
               Medicare
                  Medicare Hospice Benefit
                     Non-hospice Physicians
                     Associated with a Hospice
               Medicaid
               Commercial Insurers
               Managed Care
               Government (VA, Military)
         Financing Non-physician Providers
      Hospital–Hospice Relationships
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•  Program Components
      1º, 2º, 3º Model of Palliative Care Delivery
      Interdisciplinary Care
         Members of Interdisciplinary Team
            Core Competencies
               Physician
               Nurse
               Social Worker
               Chaplain
               Volunteer
      Specialized Environments
      Types of Services
         Consultation Services
            Consultation Etiquette
            Consultation Documentation
               Sample Note
         Inpatient Units
            Developing an Inpatient Unit
               Staffing
               Acuity
               Nursing Model
               Unit Size
                  General Ward vs. Palliative Care Unit
            Roles
            Decisions
            Case Example
               Nursing Staff
               Physician Staff
               Other Staff
               Advice
         Home Care
            Eligibility, Medicare Home Health Benefit
               Covered Services
               Usually Not Covered
         Hospice Care at Home
         Ambulatory Outpatient Care
         Respite Care
      Financing Palliative Care Programs
         Acute Hospital
         Skilled Care Nursing Home
         Hospice
         Home Health
         Ambulatory Outpatient
         Managed Care
      Financing Physicians in Palliative Care
      Financing Non-physicians in Palliative Care
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•  Case Examples
      CAPCManual Case Examples
      Pioneer Program Case Examples
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